280:, then current, is employed to explain crimes not related to inequality (which Bellamy thinks will vanish with socialism). Remaining criminals are medically treated. One professional judge presides, appointing two colleagues to state the prosecution and defense cases. If all do not agree on the verdict, then it must be tried again. Chapters 15 and 16 have an explanation of how free, independent public art and news outlets could be provided in a more671:
389:, by William Reeves, a radical London publisher, printer and bookseller was a systematic effort to organize this literature. The Bellamy Library codified series of texts designed to make political works, defined by their radical content and popular appeal, both intellectually and financially accessible to working-class activists and lower- middle-class radicals. It was especially popular among1885:
29:
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The young man is awoken to a guide, Doctor Leete, who shows him around and explains all the advances of this new age, including drastically reduced working hours for people performing menial jobs and almost instantaneous, internet-like delivery of goods. Everyone retires with full benefits at age 45,
231:
in the 1920s–30s in the USSR). The productive capacity of the United States is nationally owned, and the goods of society are equally distributed to its citizens. A considerable portion of the book is dialogue between Leete and West wherein West expresses his confusion about how the future society
338:
future, in which production and society were ordered for the smooth production and distribution of commodities to a regimented labor force. In this he was not alone—between 1860 and 1887, no fewer than 11 such works of fiction were produced in the United States by various authors dealing
1553:Фактически налице е произведение, отличаващо се от оригинала дотолкова, че следва да се говори за нов роман, първия ни български утопичен роман. ("Basically this work differs from the original to such an extent, that we can consider it a new novel, the first Bulgarian Utopian novel.)1888:
346:
publisher Benjamin Ticknor, who published a first edition of the novel in January 1888. Initial sales of the book were modest and uninspiring, but the book did find a readership in the Boston area, including enthusiastic reviews by future Bellamyites
579:' responses. A partial list of these follows. The result was a "battle of the books" that lasted through the rest of the 19th century and into the 20th. The back-and-forth nature of the debate is illustrated by the subtitle of Geissler's 1891324:—began to make itself evident, while emigration from Europe expanded the labor pool and caused wages to stagnate. The time was ripe for new ideas about economic development which might ameliorate the current social disorder.257:. All citizens receive an equal amount of "credit." Those with more difficult, specialized, dangerous, or unpleasant jobs work fewer hours. Bellamy also predicts both sermons and music being available in the home through223:, a proposed socialist solution of a nationalization of all industry, and the use of an "industrial army" to organize production and distribution, as well as how to ensure free cultural production under such conditions.892:. The book, which differs significantly from the original, though follows a similar narrative arc, details a female protagonist's journey, via time machine, to a future where need has been eliminated via a strong410:; the organization Guangxuehui (廣學會; Society for Promoting Education) published these pieces in a book format. This first translation, the first piece of science fiction from a Western country published in239:
with actual economic and technological developments. For example, Julian West is taken to a store which (with its descriptions of cutting out the middleman to cut down on waste in a similar way to the
918:
was a post-pandemic retelling of Bellamy's novel. While keeping the main characters and some details of the original, it portrayed Julian West as a formerly incarcerated Black man waking up (via
900:, while cooperation has replaced competition. The book also discusses a strong influence of technology and robotics in freeing humans from grueling manual labor. The book focused heavily on371:, and new publishing plates were created for the book. Certain "slight emendations" were made to the text by Bellamy for this second edition, released by Houghton Mifflin in September 1889.946:
to electoral politics. The novel concludes with Julian West time traveling back to 2023, hoping to implement the new paradigm and prevent the United States from undergoing a civil war.
374:
In its second release, Bellamy's futuristic novel met with enormous popular success, with more than 400,000 copies sold in the United States alone by the time Bellamy's follow-up novel,
183:
of private property and the desire to avoid use of the term "socialism," this political movement came to be known as Nationalism (not to be confused with the political ideology of
934:, unlocking a path to addressing King's triple evils of poverty, racism, and militarism. A variety of tutors school Julian in the details of monetary theory, the principles of253:
like BJ's, Costco, or Sam's Club. He additionally introduces a concept of "credit" cards in chapters 9, 10, 11, 13, 25, and 26, but these actually function like modern
602:("Настоящето, разгледано от потомството ни и надничане в напредъка на бъдещето"), generally followed the same plot. The events in Yovchev's version take place in an1047:"The United States used to be a country of dramatic invention and dynamic change. Today, our politics are sclerotic, and our dreams are small. What happened?"1126:
564:, dealing with women's rights, education, and many other issues. Bellamy wrote the sequel to elaborate and clarify many of the ideas merely touched upon in2058:
334:-born novelist with a history of concern with social issues, began to conceive of writing an impactful work of visionary fiction shaping the outlines of a1021:
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and describe the country's unique path of adapting to the new social order. It is considered by local critics to be the first Bulgarian utopian work.
481:(1890) J. B. Shipley argued that Bellamy's novel was a repeat of Bebel's arguments, while literary critic R. L. Shurter went so far as to argue that "2073:
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argued that there was no essential necessity for the conflict between capital and labor. Debs was influenced by Bellamy's book to turn to a more
747:. Several groups were formed to promote the book's ideas. The largest was Edward Bellamy Association of New York; its honorary members included172:
writings of the day. "It is one of the few books ever published that created almost immediately on its appearance a political mass movement."
433:
The book remains in print in multiple editions, with one publisher alone having reissued the title in a printing of 100,000 copies in 1945.
312:
and its controversial aftermath. Moreover, American capitalism's tendency towards concentration into ever larger and less competitive forms—
219:
utopia. The remainder of the book outlines Bellamy's thoughts about improving the future. The major themes include problems associated with
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sold more copies in its first years than 'Looking Backward.'" Bellamy's book influenced many intellectuals, and appears by title in many
1008:
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Plagiarism in Utopia: A Study of the Continuity of the Utopian Tradition With Special Reference to Edward Bellamy's "Looking Backward"
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926:, which were combined with game theory to stage a nonviolent revolution in the ballot box. The American Union Jobs Program, a form of2098:
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novel tells the story of a hero figure named Julian West, a young American who, at the end of the 19th century, falls into a deep,
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To Bellamy ... socialism was a tremendous product with terrible salesmen... This kind of utopian assumption confounded Orwell...
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Shortly after publication, Ticknor's publishing enterprise, Ticknor and Company, was purchased by the larger Boston publisher,
232:
works and Leete explains the answers using various methods, such as metaphors or direct comparisons with 19th-century society.
188:
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and little more". However, Bellamy's book also bears resemblances to the early socialist theorists or 'utopian socialists'
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was published in 1897. Sales topped 532,000 in the US by the middle of 1939. The book gained an extensive readership in
583:, which is "A Sequel to 'Looking Backward' by Edward Bellamy and an Answer to 'Looking Forward' by Richard Michaelis".855:
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The first version of the novel published in China, heavily edited for the tastes of Chinese readers, was titled
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Although Bellamy's novel did not discuss technology or the economy in detail, commentators frequently compare
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Productive distortions: On the translated imaginaries and misplaced identities of the late Qing utopian novel
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The first 21st-century work based on Bellamy's novel was written in 2020 by American political scientist and
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1918:
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The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell: Volume IV – In Front of Your Nose, 1945-1950
1291:
Beaumont, Matthew. “William Reeves and Late-Victorian Radical Publishing: Unpacking the Bellamy Library.”
927:
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Matthew Beaumont, “William Reeves and late‐Victorian Radical Publishing: Unpacking the Bellamy Library.”
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922:) in 2076. The utopian future was the result of a radical revolution of values based on the lessons of726:
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in Boston in 1988 on the centennial year of the novel's publication. It was released as a DVD titled
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as a creature of turn-of-the-century Progressivism, a workers' paradise. The Knapps used Bellamy's
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1631:, Translation Georg von Gizycki, editor Wolfgang Biesterfeld. Philipp Reclam jun., Stuttgart 19831713:
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The decades of the 1870s and the 1880s were marked by economic and social turmoil, including the
158:
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as their heuristic model for understanding Progressive ideology as it shaped the Canal Zone.
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The book was translated into several languages, and in short order "sold a million copies."
1990:
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British and American Utopian Literature, 1516–1985: An Annotated, Chronological Bibliography
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shares relationships and resemblances with several earlier works—most notably the anonymous
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system. In one case, Bellamy even writes, "the nation is the sole employer and capitalist."
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Bellamy's book, gradually planned throughout the 1880s, was completed in 1887 and taken to
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Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China, 1840–1918
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Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China, 1840–1918
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was partly written in reaction to Bellamy's utopia, which Morris did not find congenial.
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207:-induced sleep and wakes up 113 years later. He finds himself in the same location (179:
sprang up to discuss and propagate the book's ideas. Owing to its commitment to the
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404:(百年一覺 ), or "A Sleep of 100 Years" and in 1891–1892 this version was serialized in353:
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The Present as Seen by Our Descendants And a Glimpse at the Progress of the Future
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University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. 1996.
1127:"Looking Back at 'Looking Backward': We Have Seen The Future And It Didn't Work"1076:
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Looking Backward from the Tricentennial: A Timely Tale of Nonviolent Revolution
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841:, examined this re-writing in his essay, "Mack Reynolds' Avoidance of his own748:
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have ended in socialism, while crime has become a medical issue. The idea of
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appeared. The book was in part a memoir of their careers teaching at fabled
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A Kingdom on Earth: Anglo-American Social Christianity, 1880–1940.
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can be seen as a dystopian counterpoint to the utopian genre, of which
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postulated a socialist-fueled utopia that "confounded" Orwell, and his
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fundamentally with the questions of economic and social organization.
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1790:, ed. S. Orwell & I. Angus. London: Secker & Warburg, 1968.1517:, (University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, 2003), C.J. Rooney,1308:
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in 1892. Bellamy personally approved a request by Bulgarian author
1639:(Universal-Bibliothek 2660 ), Afterword of Biesterfeld, pp. 301f.)767:, also admired the book and wrote the first biography of Bellamy.669:
606:
1910:
1509:, (University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1984), K. Roemer,1429:
The Utopian Alternative, Fourierism in Nineteenth-Century America
1492:, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press; pp. 78–94, 170–73.575:
provoked a spate of sequels, parodies, satires, dystopian, and '
212:
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Red, White and Blue Paradise: The American Canal Zone in Panama
815:
that "these optimistic forecasts make rather painful reading."
791:
Despite never mentioning the book by name in any of his works,
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The Obsolete Necessity: America in Utopian Writings, 1888–1900
938:, the workings of the people's legislative assembly which has441:
Though Bellamy tended to stress the independence of his work,
1848:"A Centenary Reconsideration of Bellamy's Looking Backward,"1490:
The Utopian Novel in America, 1886–1896: The Politics of Form
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The Ministry of Truth: The Biography of George Orwell's 1984
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The Utopian Novel in America 1886–1896: The Politics of Form
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Utopianism and radicalism in a reforming America, 1888–1918
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Walter James Miller confirms "more than 162 Bellamy Clubs".
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and from the immediate vicinity of Chicago, workers at the
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to make an "adapted translation" based on the realities of
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Dreams and Visions: a study of American utopias, 1865–1917
1431:, (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1991), p. 368, p. 401702:
went on strike in June 1894. This came to be known as the
1716:"Translating Modernity." In: Pollard, David E. (editor).1342:"Translating Modernity." In: Pollard, David E. (editor).612:
The book also influenced activists in Britain. Scientist
261:(already demonstrated but commercialized only in 1890 as1513:, (Kent State University Press, Kent, 1976), K. Roemer,1335:
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an entertaining time-travel story with an upbeat ending.
912:, as the ideological foundation of the utopian society.1666:
Arthur Morgan: A Progressive Vision for American Reform
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The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature (1844–1898)
1022:"Speaking of Books: Looking Back at 'Looking Backward'"227:
and may eat in any of the public kitchens (realized as
1650:
Edward Bellamy abroad: An American Prophet's Influence
1592:. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1949. (p. 6)1176:
The Year 2000: A Critical Biography of Edward Bellamy.
979:"Paradise Lost: Can Mankind Live Without Its Utopias?"418:. The novel was again serialized in China in 1898, in1505:, (Pickering and Chatto, London, 2008), J. Pfaelzer,1375:
Joseph Schiffman, "Introduction" to Edward Bellamy:
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1629:Ein Rückblick aus dem Jahre 2000 auf das Jahr 1887659:in England, and also influenced the design of the211:), but in a totally changed world: It is the year1843:(Boston), vol. 1, no. 1 (May 1889), pp.1–4.1590:Bermondsey Story: The Life of Alfred Salter743:In the 1930s, there was a revival of interest in709:The book had a specific and intense reception in1903:– a play based on a chapter in Edward Bellamy's1652:. New York, Twayne Publishers, 1962 (pp. 70–78).1608:The William Morris Internet Archive Works (1889)1405:, Yellow Springs, Ohio, privately printed, 1944.972:
970:
34:Cover of the Ticknor & Co. first edition of1850:The American Journal of Economics and Sociology1379:New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1955; p. xxxviii.873:was written by Roger Lee Hall and premiered at1178:New York: Bookman Associates, 1958; pp. 87–89.890:The Practical Effects of Time Travel: A Memoir1926:
1515:Utopian Audiences, How Readers Locate Nowhere1449:.Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 20131447:Workers in America: A Historical Encyclopedia1303:
1301:
713:including various parodies and sequels, from539:and also joined Bellamy's Nationalist clubs.8:
1392:, New York, Columbia University Press, 1944.1274:
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1111:Edward Bellamy. "What 'Nationalism' Means".845:: A Note of Caution for Would-Be Utopians".620:for his conversion to socialism. Politician146:novel by the American journalist and writer21:
1827:Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1889.1170:
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268:Bellamy's ideas somewhat reflect classical162:, "In the 19th-century United States, only1933:
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1377:Selected Writings on Religion and Society.1115:; Vol. 52, No. 3 (September 1890); p. 289.628:as an influence on his political thought.20:
1203:"Technology and the Triumph of Pessimism"598:social order. The resulting work, titled414:China, was done in an abridged format by848:In 1984, Herbert Knapp and Mary Knapp's505:, as well as to the 'Associationism' of422:(中國官音白話報); and in 1904, under the title1416:The Utopian Novel in America, 1865–1900966:
485:is actually a fictionalized version of1668:. University of Tennessee Press, 20141660:
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1437:
858:, but also a re-interpretation of the690:direction. He soon helped to form the475:Woman in the Past, Present, and Future400:(回頭看記略). This text was later retitled1529:(Garland Publishing, New York, 1988).1503:Late Victorian Utopias: A Prospective1501:This list was derived from G. Claeys977:Edward Rothstein (February 5, 2000).509:, whom Bellamy had met in the 1870s.249:of 1844) somewhat resembles a modern175:In the United States alone, over 1627:
1418:, New York, AMS Press, 1975; p. 177.387:Bellamy Library of Fact and Fiction'16:1888 Utopian novel by Edward Bellamy1020:Walter Teller (December 31, 1967).831:Looking Backward from the Year 2000535:. Many members of the Knights read519:List of sequels to Looking Backward479:The True Author of Looking Backward187:). The novel also inspired several2059:American novels adapted into plays1158:10 Things Brian Likes: Time Travel821:was rewritten in 1974 by American805:was a progenitor. Orwell wrote of647:Bellamy's descriptions of utopian330:(1850–1898), a relatively unknown14:
1686:Ken Brociner (January 21, 2001).1125:Warren Sloat (January 17, 1988).1045:Daniel Immerwahr (July 2, 2021),942:Congress, and the application of558:In 1897, Bellamy wrote a sequel,1883:
27:
2074:American science fiction novels1815:Boston: Ticknor and Co., 1888.1100:. Signet. p.Introduction.1009:Encyclopedia of science fiction812:The Soul of Man Under Socialism2094:Novels set in the 21st century1201:Paul Krugman (June 28, 2022),300:during the 1880s, the rise of1:
586:The book was translated into487:The Co-operative Commonwealth467:The Co-operative Commonwealth430:(繡像小說; Illustrated Fiction).156:According to a 2021 essay in1824:Looking Backward, 2000–1887.1812:Looking Backward, 2000–1887.1604:"Bellamy's Looking Backward"871:Bellamy's Musical Telephone,529:American Federation of Labor243:of his own day based on the22:Looking Backward: 2000–18872104:Rip Van Winkle-type stories2069:1888 science fiction novels1905:Looking Backward, 2000–18871893:public domain audiobook at1317:Transtext(e)s Transcultures1098:Looking backward: 2000–1887888:William P. Stodden, titled732:The Russian translation of694:. With supporters from the426:(Looking Backward), within420:Zhongguo guanyin baihua bao369:Houghton, Mifflin & Co.136:Looking Backward: 2000–188736:Looking Backward, 2000–18872137:
1879:Full text on gutenberg.org1866:Looking Backward 2000–18871073:Looking Backward 2000–1887928:unconditional basic income771:Legacy and later responses765:Tennessee Valley Authority700:Pullman Palace Car Company674:German Reclam edition 1919516:
296:of 1873–1879, a series of1722:John Benjamins Publishing1348:John Benjamins Publishing150:first published in 1888.26:
2099:Novels set in the future1975:Dr. Heidenhoff's Process1804:History workshop journal1753:Lynskey, Dorian (2019).1295:, no. 55 (2003): 91–110.1293:History Workshop Journal1096:Bellamy, Edward (2000).930:, was implemented using902:moral and ethical theory898:National Service Program604:environmentally friendly527:was praised by both the477:(1886). For example, in2089:Novels set in the 2000s1539:Ivaylo Runchev (1985).1079:, p. vi. Signet, 1960.825:science fiction writer241:consumers' cooperatives2079:Social science fiction1325:10.4000/transtexts.6191307:Andolfatto, Lorenzo. "894:Universal Basic Income692:American Railway Union675:
549:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn1957:To Whom This May Come1900:The Musical Telephone1835:"How I Came to Write1075:, with a Foreword by879:The Musical Telephone781:Future of a New China778:influenced the novel680:Great Strikes of 1877673:
614:Alfred Russel Wallace282:libertarian socialist209:Boston, Massachusetts2049:Novels set in Boston2044:1888 American novels1806:55.1 (2003): 91–110.1319:(跨文本跨文化), 10, 2015.798:Nineteen Eighty-Four761:Arthur Ernest Morgan711:Wilhelminian Germany657:garden city movement543:was also praised by513:Reaction and sequels2119:Transhumanist books2084:Fiction set in 20001846:Warren J. Samuels,1414:Robert L. Shurter,1220:speculative fiction1161:, September 6, 2014843:Eighteenth Brumaire717:, Ernst Müller and391:Working men's clubs349:Cyrus Field Willard288:Publication history246:Rochdale Principles189:utopian communities83:• Houghton Mifflin79:• Ticknor & Co.23:
1837:Looking Backward,"1693:The New York Times1664:Aaron D. Purcell,1648:Sylvia E. Bowman,1427:Carl J. Guarneri,1401:Arthur E. Morgan,1388:Arthur E. Morgan,1174:Sylvia E. Bowman,1132:The New York Times1052:The New York Times984:The New York Times924:Martin Luther King856:Balboa High School837:, a historian and763:, chairman of the736:was banned by the719:Philipp Wasserburg676:
159:The New York Times2031:
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2009:Nationalist Clubs1830:
1829:– Second edition.1818:
1714:Wang, David D. W.1688:"Looking Forward"1627:(Edward Bellamy,1602:Morris, William.1564:Paul T Phillips,1543:. Narodna Mladezh1521:(1997), F. Shor,1340:Wang, David D. W.906:ethical socialism886:utopian socialist727:Richard Michaelis715:Eduard Loewenthal661:Bradbury Building641:News from Nowhere503:Henri Saint-Simon463:Laurence Gronlund448:The Great Romance428:Xiuxiang xiaoshuo259:cable "telephone"165:Uncle Tom’s Cabin132:
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